Public Interest Theory of Regulation Free Essay Example, 2250 words

The oldest form of regulation is the public interest theory of regulation. This theory of regulation is often more implied within the statues than expressly articulated. Under the public interest theory, regulation is established to ensure and protect those objectives relating to the public interest are upheld. Two main assumptions underline this theory: government regulation is a much lower price than the general competition, and economic markets will more likely fail to operate effectively if left alone due to the fragile state. (Phillips 182). Through this theory that the laws of regulation, in the case of public utilities, is able to be substituted for the laws of competition when regarding what is in the public s interest. Public interest is often defined by the needs or demands of the public at the time. While some of these basic demands, such as complete, uninterrupted service, are ongoing, other demands may change with fluctuating markets, economies, and societal standards. Market barriers that may hinder the public interest theory of regulation may include any of the following: market growth, changing technologies and technological barriers, costly information, externalities such as pollution and infrastructure, and ex-post exploitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Interest Theory of Regulation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

How to Use the French Adverb dAbord (First)

The  adverb dabord,  pronounced da bor, means first, at first, to begin with, in the first place, at the outset, anyway. It is a versatile, frequently used adverb that can fill many a role. Keep in mind that, as an adverb, the job of  dabord  is to modify the action, in other words, the verb. The Many Meanings of dAbord Here are some examples of each meaning: First: Nous irons dabord  Ãƒ   Rome.   Well go to Rome first.At first, initially, to begin with: Jai cru (tout) dabord quil sagissait dune blague.   At first, I thought it was a joke.To begin with:  Dabord, tu nes mà ªme pas prà ªt  !   To begin with, youre not even ready !Anyway:  Et puis dabord,  Il a fallu le terminer. And anyway, he had to finish it. Expressions and Usage Tout dabord First of all, first and foremost, first off, to begin withAu premier abord At first sight, initiallyDà ¨s labord From the outsetVoie dabord Surgical approachManià ¨re daborder Method of approachToi dabord.   You first.Pensez dabord a soi. Think of yourself first. / Look out for, look after number one.La sà ©curità © dabord ! Safety first!Je vais rentrer dabord chez moi. Ill go home first.à ªtre dun abord facile To be approachable, accessible, easy to reachà ªtre dun abord difficile Hard to approach, difficult to come to grips with, hard to reach, difficult to get toLes raisons en sont diverses: dabord... There are various reasons: first...Dabord, je dois trouver mon livre, et puis nous pourrons commencer. First I need to find my book, and then we can start.Il semblait dabord sympathique, puis il a commencà © à   crier. He seemed nice at first, then he started shouting.Tout dabord, le Conseil europà ©en de dà ©cembre se prononcera sur son approbati on. First of all, the December European Council will need to approve it.Il y a dabord la rà ©fà ©rence à   la perspective financià ¨re aprà ¨s 2006. Firstly, there is the reference to the financial prospects after 2006.Je tiens tout dabord à   prà ©senter les autres invità ©s dhonneur. To begin with, I would like to acknowledge my fellow honorees.

The Uniform Crime Report And Crime Statistics - 1066 Words

The Uniform Crime Report represents police reported crime statistics. It includes a number of reported offences, actual offences, offences cleared by charge, and offences cleared otherwise (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). The police-reported crime statistics best represent the positivist perspective. It is not biased, and complete, accurate, and standardized to facilitate temporal and spatial comparisons (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). It also believes that Criminal Code reflects society’s collective social values, and therefore considers crime statistics generated by the criminal justice system and governmental agencies such as Statistics Canada unbiased measures of societal crime and criminality (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T.,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It did not ask police to report victim or incident characteristics, had limited number of offence codes, and had no ability to add offence codes for new crimes (such as cybercrime) created through legislation † (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). Due to the fact that the Uniform Crime Report is reported by the police, there has to be a witness that is willing to call the police and report the crime. In many cases, because of cultural differences, the crime may not even be recognized as illegal (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). For example, â€Å"money is stolen from a person, but that person doesn’t recognize it or think that he/she might have lost it† (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). Even after the police decides to respond to the crime, the police can decide whether or not they want to clear this case according to the seriousness of the crime. In some cases, the police let go of the offender because they don’t think it’s worth it to write a long report on it (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). In the end, the official statistic is reduced as a result of the crime funnel, which is the number of cases that are filtered out in the criminal justi ce process (Morden, H. K. and Palys, T., 2015). Besides the Uniform Crime Report, there are other ways to measure crime. The victimization survey â€Å"in which a sample of citizen is asked to answer information about experiences with crime and the criminal justice system† using a cross sectionalShow MoreRelatedDifferences in Crime Statistics in the Uniform Crime Reports versus the National Crime Victimization Survey743 Words   |  3 Pages Arguments over crime statistics have been raging ever since governments began counting criminal activity. In 1930 the United States congress authorized the attorney general of the United States to survey crime in America. The Federal Bureau of Investigation was chosen to implement the program. (Schmalleger p.38) The Uniform Crime Reports is the survey taken by the FBI. This measure of crime in America depends on reports to the police by victims of crimes. The UCR Program was developed byRead MoreFBI Uniform Crime Report1064 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Uniform Crime Reporting Gabriel Padua CJA/314 January 20, 2015 Paulina Solis Uniform Crime Report Ever wonder how crimes are measured? What is FBI Uniform Crime Report data? How these Crime Statistics are produce? And how is burglary define? FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Data The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program is one of the two ways crime rates are measured in the United States. The Uniform Crime Reports (n.d.) website, UCR is the starting place for law enforcement executives, criminalRead MoreMeasuring Crime Essay914 Words   |  4 Pages Measuring Crime Crime measurement and statistics for police departments are very important when it comes to money allotment, staffing needs or termination and it is also used to determine the effectiveness of new laws and programs. There are three tools used to measure major crime in the United States: Uniform Crime Reports, National Crime Victimization Survey and the National Incident Based Reporting System- which is currently being tested to replace the Uniform Crime Reports. Although thereRead MoreMeasuring Crime1070 Words   |  5 PagesMeasuring Crime in the United States Kyra Pettit CJA/204 August 5, 2013 Dr. Wafeeq Sabir Measuring Crime in the United States In the following paper, these criminal justice students will address the three major points of crime measurement in the United States. Even though there may be changes of crime statistics, but not changes in the crime rate; that is because crime can be measured in numerous ways. Two measuring systems being the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and Uniform CrimeRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Reports The National Incident Based Reporting System978 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uniform Crime Reports verses The National Incident Based Reporting System The purpose of this abstract is to critically review the primary data sources used in the criminological research. The two key factors that measures crime are distinguished: official crime statistics, which are based on the compile data records of offenders and offenses processed by the police, courts, and corrections agencies; and unofficial crime statistics, which are produced by people and agencies outside the criminalRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Report Is Perceived By The International Association Of Chiefs Of Police770 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uniform Crime Report also knowns as the UCR, is a program that was perceived by the International Association of Chiefs of Police in 1929. This program was essentially created to provide consistent, uniform crime statistics. Around 1930, Congress sanctioned the U.S. attorney general to assess crime in the United States (NACJD, 2010). Thus allowing the UCR program to get underway, tasking the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), with the jobs of gathering, circulating, and archiving all crimeRead MorePredicting Crime With The Uniform Crime Reporting System1518 Words   |  7 Pages Predicting Crime with the Uniform Crime Reporting System Published: 28, March 2016 The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program has been the beginning spot for law implementation administrators, understudies of criminal equity, analysts, individuals from the media, and general society everywhere looking for data on wrongdoing in the country. The system was considered in 1929 by the International Association of Chiefs of Police to address the issue for solid uniform wrongdoing insights for the countryRead MoreThe Uniform Crime Report And The National Crime Victimization Survey1569 Words   |  7 Pagesarguments over crime statistics. The Uniform Crime Report (UCR), Self-Report Surveys (SRS), and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) are three methods in which the government collects data, and monitors criminal activity in the United States. The Uniform Crime Reports, Self-Report Surveys, and the National Crime Victimization Survey each have both positive and negative attributes that have influenced different aspects of society. â€Å"The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) provides official crime totals forRead Morepredicting crime with the unifrom crime reporting system Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesPREDICTING CRIME WITH THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING SYSTEM Predicting Crime With the Uniform Crime Reporting System Mitchell Adair Introduction to Criminal Justice: CJA 105-AUO A01 Argosy University 1 The Uniform Crime Reporting System is a statistical effort that is said to be cooperative of more than ten thousand state, city, and county law enforcement agencies on a basis that is considered Read MoreInvestigation Of The Criminal Justice Field1261 Words   |  6 Pagesdata and statistics on criminal activity across the nation. By collecting this data we can better know when and where crimes are happening and try to provide a solution to stopping them. However, people bring into question the accuracy and usefulness of crime statistics as they merely reflect the views of the policy makers. Two sources that collect and publish crime data and statistics are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, and the National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS). The Uniform Crime Reporting

Competency Demonstration Report

Question: Discuss about the Competency Demonstration Report. Answer: Continuing Professional Development The vital aim of my career is to utilize my knowledge, education and professional experience in order to achieve the organizational growth. For achieving my career goals, I have completed my Masters Degree in the field of Biotechnology from Lovely Professional University. In addition to that, I have gained practical knowledge in the relevant field from my projects. I am a highly motivated and enthusiastic engineer always in eager to learn and utilize new and advanced methodologies and technologies. Apart from these, I possess leadership skills and have the ability to perform under pressure. I display strong communication skills and have the ability to work with existing technologies in order to meet the individual as well as the organization goals. Therefore, I want to apply to Professional Engineer (Engineer Australia) regarding increasing my practical skills and knowledge. Academic Qualification Duration Course Institution May, 2014 Masters in technology in Biotechnology Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India June, 2012 Bachelor in technology in Biotechnology Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India Work Experience Duration Position Company 2014-2015 Biology Teacher National Public School, India 17 July 2011 to 18th Nov 2011 [Please Fill] IIIM ( CSIR), Jammu 28 June 2010 to 24 July 2010 [Please Fill] Hash Biotech Labs Ltd., Mohali. Competency Demonstration Report Question: Write Report on "Competency Demonstration". Answer: Continuing Professional Development My career objective is to acquire great skills and proficiency in the field of Civil Engineering and thereby achieve an honorable position in a renowned organization where I can challenge my knowledge, contribute towards the growth of my organization as well as pursue continual personal development. For this purpose, I completed my bachelors degree in civil engineering from Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College in March 2012. After completing my academic career, I started my professional career by working in Oporto in 2012. I presently work in Coles. During my academic and professional experience, I have managed to gather sound knowledge on major latest technologies and learned to handle all Mac and Windows Operating Systems in proficient manner. I have acquired adequate competency with Microsoft Office operations. I can work independently under minimal supervision. In addition, I am able to handle customer complaints in an efficient and polite manner. I have attended a training program from International English Language Testing System where I gathered adequate proficiency in English writing, speaking, reading as well as listening skills. Academic Background I have completed my Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering from Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College in March 2012 with First Class. Prior to that, I completed my Secondary Education from Board of Intermediate Education in Andhra Pradesh in March 2008 with Grade A. Training Programs I attended Advanced English Training Program from International English Language Testing System and achieved overall band score of 6.0. Work Experience and Projects Duration: 2013 to Present Employer: Oporto Position: Please Mention Responsibilities/ Duties: To work with the latest technologies for preparing reports, proposals and plans To work individually under minimal supervision To analyze and evaluate requirements and use MS office for project purpose Duration: 2013 to Present Employer: Coles Position: Please Mention Responsibilities/ Duties: To compute load and grade requirements and material stress factors To analyze survey reports, blueprints, maps, drawings, and other relevant data for project plans To communicate with clients and attend their complaints in a polite manner Projects Undertaken Project on Safety at Public Places and Highways Analysis and Design of Multi Storey Building Increasing Agriculture and Improving Cropping Pattern Declaration I hereby declare that all the information presented in this document is very much true to the best of my concern. The statements are solely intended to accurately represent the skill and knowledge acquired by me so far in my academic and professional career. Besides, I promise that I have adhered to all the ethical and moral obligations and properly maintained required professionalism as a Civil Engineer in every area of my field of study in Civil Engineering. Introduction Project Name: Project on Safety at Public Places and Highways Project Duration: Please Mention Location of the Project: Please Mention Organization Name: Please Mention Role in the Project: Civil Engineer Background Overview of the Engineering Project The project is based on studying and evaluating the aspects of the two major types of safety considered in civil engineering; namely, highway safety and safety at public places such as shopping malls, halls and movie theatres. To be more precise, the project involves undertaking detail study on how the width of the door of a hall or a movie theatre affects the time of evacuation. The project analyzes the significance of planning from an early stage. For highway or road safety, it involves measures and methods to reduce the risk of serious injuries and accidents. For this purpose, I carried out detail study on how road accidents are affected by the multiple factors along with their categorizations. The project additionally involves a thorough assessment of the geometric features and the manmade features associated with the major factors of road and highway safety. Project Objectives This particular project had the following basic objectives: To study the major factors of safety at public place To study the major factors of safety at highways and roads To understand the factors of road geometry including horizontal curve, vertical curve, super elevation and other geometric and manmade features To collect data on accidents based on using survey instruments such as Total Station and DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) Nature of my Work in the Particular Area In this project, my role was to carry out a detailed study and analysis of the basic geometric and manmade factors of road safety and understand the measures and methods that can be used for reducing the number and severity of accidents and injuries. For this purpose, I applied two significant tools and instruments for measuring road geometry, that are Total Station and DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System). I specifically undertook detailed calculation of horizontal curve, vertical grade and super elevation using AutoCAD software application. Apart from that, I successfully acquired relevant data of NH (National Highway) 200 that demonstrates the rate and number of accidents along the past years. I thereby analyzed the data for comparing and contrasting between the horizontal radius and median with the accident rate. Similarly, I carried out analysis with respect to the vertical grades and super elevation. Finally, I was responsible for constructing the regression equation u sing Microsoft Excel. Chart of Project Structure and My Position Statement of my Responsibilities in This Project As this was an individual project, therefore, I had the following roles and duties in this particular project: To study the road geometric factors and how they affect the safety at roads and highways To study the major aspects of manmade or human factors and drivers that affect safety at public places and highways To perform all calculations on horizontal curve, vertical grades and super elevation (radius, median) using AutoCAD software To develop the regression model in Microsoft Excel Software To analyze the different conditions associated with evacuation from a hall To collect road accident data of National Highway 200 using DGPS and total station for calculation of super elevation, vertical grade and horizontal curve To plot data obtained from total station in AutoCAD based on the three coordinates Personal Engineering Activity Understanding and Approach The project is based on calculating the major road geometric factors such as horizontal curve, super elevation and vertical grades for analyzing road safety and understanding the measures and methods of reducing the risks of accidents and injuries. Apart from that, it also includes the manmade features to be analyzed for measuring accident rates and safety at roads and public places (e.g. halls, shopping malls etc.). For this purpose, I have collected the road accident data on National Highway 200 using DGPS and Total Station and plotted the collected data on AutoCAD for further evaluation. Furthermore, based on the contrasts on individual geometric values versus the rate of accidents measured, I developed the regression equation using excel, which is as follows: Y= -0.00121X1 - 0.12507X2 + 2.99x10-5X3 + 3.552 For the study of manmade features on road safety, I specifically analyzed the roadway problems and obstacles (such as telephone and electric poles, posters, dividers and so on). To be more precise, I particularly modeled a detailed scenario using the functions and variables to form the equation, which is as follows: AYM = C1*X1 + C2*X2 + C3*X3 A thorough multi variable regression analysis is utilized for collecting data and estimating the C1, C2, and C3. The regression equation is: Y= -0.000461X1 - 0.000838X2 + 0.1032 X3 + 2.646 Presentation of My Engineering Skills and Knowledge I applied my engineering knowledge in order to determine the major geometric factors associated with road safety and calculate the specifications with respect to them, such as horizontal curve, super elevation and vertical grade. I plotted the graph based on the collected data using DGPS and Total Station. I utilized my competency in numerical ability to carry out the detail calculations and comparisons with the values of radius, median and so on. Furthermore, I worked with the gathered data by plotting them on AutoCAD software according to the three coordinates X, Y and Z. Moreover, I discovered the three major impacts of vertical road alignments that are significantly related with the occurrences of traffic accidents. I analyzed the role of parabolic curve in assuring a smooth transition between two grades on a highway or a roadway. Apart from that, I conducted an extensive literature review on the basic factors and impacts of road and public place safety requirements. Delegation of Tasks and its Accomplishment As this was an individual project, therefore, I carried out the overall study on the major aspects of road safety as well as safety at public places. I executed the necessary calculations regarding horizontal curve, vertical grade and super elevation. I have individually gathered accident data on national highway on past ten years and analyzed the data using total station and DGPS for developing the regression model equation. I calculated the total evacuation time versus the width of door opening plot for a specific number of persons. At the initial stage of undertaking the project, I carried out a detailed plan dividing the overall project objective into a number of decomposed tasks and thereby allocating different time slots for each activity. I developed the project schedule and estimated the overall cost of project. For this purpose, I took multiple sittings with my project mentor for identifying the major activities associated with the undertaken project. The Encountered Technical Difficulties and Solutions Technical Difficulties During the execution of this particular project, I faced significant difficulty in working with the collected using Total Station and DGPS and plotting them on the X, Y, and Z coordinates in AutoCAD software. I specifically faced difficulty in using the features of AutoCAD because I was using it for the first time was therefore, was not adequately familiar with all of its characteristics and functionalities. Solutions I successfully resolved the specific issue mentioned above by allotting a fixed amount of time and undertaking a rigorous course on learning the basic operations of AutoCAD software. After the course was complete, I was appropriately familiar with the required features and functions of AutoCAD and thereby successfully applied my newly acquired skills in the calculations of my project. Creative Design Work I utilized my acquired skills and competencies for developing the basic idea behind the project. Furthermore, I applied my skills in using the DGPS technology for positioning the objects in proper scale. Apart from that, I specifically learned AutoCAD for calculating the values associated with horizontal curve, super elevation and vertical grades with respect to the geometric specifications in road or highway safety. Working Process with the Team Member As it was an individual project, therefore, I communicated with my project mentor and supervisor for effectively planning my project and systematically undertake the activities. Furthermore, I effectively approached my mentor for suggestions whenever I encountered any difficulties in the execution of my project. I maintained a consistent contact with my mentor and kept him updated about the progress, status of project and outcomes/ results of each phase. Finally, I gave a successful presentation of the overall project starting from its objective to outcomes to my mentor and project supervisor. Overall View of the Project In this project, I applied my civil engineering knowledge and skills for carrying out the major calculations of radius, median and other factors associated with road geometry (horizontal curve, vertical grade and super elevation). Apart from that, I have successfully worked with the AutoCAD software for plotting the road accident data of NH 200 obtained from DGPS and total station on X, Y and Z coordinates in an appropriate manner. In addition to that, I have developed the regression model and equation using Microsoft Excel. As a whole, I have performed the calculations based on the surveyed data and programmed using CAD software for detail visualization. Personal Contribution to the Project As this project was an individual type project, I was responsible for the major activities to be carried out to meet the desired outcome of the project. For this purpose, I undertook a detailed project management approach and developed a project schedule with proper estimations and decomposition of the significant tasks. I conducted a thorough exploration and analysis of the major factors (both geometric and human factors) that significantly influence safety at highways and public places. I utilized my civil engineering skills to measure the values and specifications required in order to minimize chances of risks associated with accidents. I worked with DGPS and Total Station software to analyze accident data and plotted them on AutoCAD for developing regression equation so as to compare and contrast between the accident rates/ number of accidents with geometric features of highways.

Society Does Not Define Me free essay sample

In movies everywhere we look we see societys version of perfect girls, which forces girls everywhere to believe thats how youre supposed to look. Because of society I grew up thinking that skinny was beautiful, but it turns out that wasnt true. During middle school I was bullied for various things, which made me think I wasnt beautiful. With this mindset I did whatever I could to fit societys standards of beautiful.I tried diets and when I couldnt see results fast enough I moved on to eating disorders. In health class I learned how dangerous eating disorders actually were and learned society didnt approve of them. I thought, What the hell can I do to be perfect? As I continued suffering from eating disorders thought I was becoming more beautiful. Even though thought was still beautiful others didnt, was still being bullied on how I look. We will write a custom essay sample on Society Does Not Define Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What am I doing wrong? I asked myself everyday.I became more and more unhappy with how I looked. When I looked In the mirror I would point out a new flaw, one that didnt line up to what society craved. I thought being beautiful was a good thing, and I thought it would make me feel good about yeses but I was wrong. I tried makeup to cover up all the flaws I had, it never worked I Just looked like a clown. I was adopted and had epilepsy. It made me different; different was not accepted in the eyes of society. No matter what I did I was never satisfied with myself.After a battle between me and society I realized I am different for a reason and no matter what society thinks I am beautiful. I believe that society needs to change how they view perfect. They make It very difficult for people to live a happy day-to-day life. Girls are always worrying about how they look; they can never seem to be happy with themselves. In order for society to become more helpful Instead of harmful they need to stop saying skinny Is beautiful and that you should love yourself no matter what.Society puts a strain on girls self image, they view themselves as fat and ugly even if they arent. They strive to be perfect, but in reality nobody is. Since society isnt changing quickly enough, I decided I was the one who needed to change. I thought about what made me happy and I started not to care what others thought of me. By skirmish In magazines, on T V, in movies everywhere we look we see society version of isnt beautiful. With this mindset I did whatever I could to fit society standards of were and learned society didnt approve of them.I thought, What the hell can I do to be perfect? As I continued suffering from eating disorders I thought I was becoming more beautiful. Even though I thought I was still beautiful others didnt, I was still became more and more unhappy with how I looked. When I looked in the mirror I I believe that society needs to change how they view perfect.

Power and Corruption in Frank Kafka essays

Power and Corruption in Frank Kafka essays The Trial is, on the surface, the story of a man who works at a bank, Josef K., who wakes up one day to find that he is being charged on an unspecified charge. The story relates his court case, his attempts to prove his innocence, and his eventual death. K. is morally detached from his society but also knows how to play the social game very skilfully to maintain his total detachment from all social conventions and formalities. Under the surface, however, this rough seeming novel has deeper meanings. It is the story of an individuals struggle, against corruption, against a faceless and petty power, and against himself. Through all the events leading up to K.s death, much is said about the court he is on trial in, but little is explained. Kafka appeared quite contemptuous in his opinion of law and power. Throughout the novel, most of the characters speak of the law courts in an awed manner, but the reality that we see is very different. The Examining Magistrate spends his time during the trials reading pornographic novels, and Titorelli, the court painter, tells K. that none of the Judges are very important or intelligent at all, theyre just exceedingly vain. Kafka also writes of the law courts lack of concern about the public. When walking through the law courts, K. stumbles over a step that has been placed beyond a door. They dont show much consideration for the public, K. said. They show no consideration of any kind, replied the Law-Court Attendant. K. visits an Advocate, a man who through his influence with officials in the court, can manage to get their client acquitted. His advocate, Herr Huld, assures him that his case is moving forward satisfactorily, but K. is unsatisfied, and soon dismisses him to move forward on his own. The law court has a huge amount of power. They are able to, for incomprehensible reasons, charge any perso...

Functional and Structural Modeling Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Functional and Structural Modeling - Coursework Example Introduction Functional modeling generally deals with the activity of developing models of devices, objects and processes of a system based on their functionalities. It is basically concerned with representing knowledge about functions which forms a basis for solving problems related to system representation. It shows how general system goals are achieved through the realization of the sub goals via the system sub functions. According to Tauber, functional model represents a part of the designer’s intention, the design rationale. (pg 12). Structural modeling on the other hand entails data structure description, that is, it describes the structure of data that is supports the business processes of an organization. There are different ways of representing the structure of data used in a system including class diagrams, object diagrams and CRD cards. Structural modeling Structural modeling in system analysis and design is useful in various ways but the main purpose of structural models is to represent ideas, things and important concepts in the application domain. In addition, structural models are used to create a vocabulary for analysts and users. According to Wixom, It is also used in order to reduce the schematic gap between the real world and the software world ( chpt 7 pg 6) Classes, attributes, relationships and operations constitutes the four major components of structural modeling. Classes are templates for creating objects or instances and can either be concrete or abstract. Classes’ example may include user interface data structure and application domain. Class diagrams are used in structural modeling to represent classes, show their attributes, operations and their relationships. Attributes on the other hand are used to describe classes and only important and relevant attributes to the task are included in the structural modeling. An attribute can be public, private or protected depending on its visibility type. Objects or instances can t ake actions known as operations while relationships show how classes are associated. Operations can be broadly grouped into update (changes value of attributes), query (makes information about state available) and constructor which create an object. Functional modeling Functional modeling include various design element such modules, processes inputs and outputs, interfaces and design of databases and files. A fully functional system is made up of a collection of small independent subsystems called modules. The modules are coded and designed separately after which they are brought together to form a complete and fully functional system. Shared use and size are some of the factors to be considered while coding a designing a module. Limiting the number of instructions in a module ensures a small size module which recommended compared to a large module. Duplication of functions in modules should be avoided by creating a single module which can be called by other modules in case of need. System functions consist of processes which are specific acts with definable beginning and ending points beside inputs and outputs. Processes may be distinct but share certain common properties such as: processes identify what is done and not how, they posses definable starting and ending points, processes are carried out irrespective of organizational structure. Interface is an important part of any computerized system since it provides the platform for the user to interact