A Research On Democracy Involves Participation Essay

Democracy involves participation. Participation involves activism, resistance, and conflict as much as â€Å"the creative deployment of new media literacies and productive cultures of media co-creation encompassed by ideal forms of networked publics† (McCosker 2014, p.201-2). Simply put, there is no room for a healthy democracy with the presence of filter bubbles acting as a mirror for the people using Facebook and Google and leading them to believe that so many others share the same opinions as them. Despite the fact that these websites are now deciding how news and information is disseminated to its users, there are still democratic practices that are useful in generating a suitable discourse and civic understanding/engagement. Obviously, I approach my theory it with a heavy bias against the filter bubble and I insist on critically examining them. But one could very well argue that with the recent tailoring of content, people have more time to spend enjoying materials that t hey have been looking for all this time. No longer are you expected to spend heaps of time sifting through stacks of newspapers, scrolling through hundreds of television channels, or strolling through rows and rows of library books to find content to enjoy. Instead, algorithms have increased the convenience and ease with which we can access our news on topics that we are interested in. On another more positive note, websites like Facebook and Twitter are also effective in spreading awareness about socialShow MoreRelatedCollaborative Governance, Citizen Participation, And Decision Making Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pages1998). They can use various processes to ensure a democratic government including collaborative governance, decision making, citizen participation, administrative reforms, and budgeting. This paper seeks to discuss and analyze the efforts that the public organizations and the public administrators can make with regards to collaborative governance, citizen participation , and decision making to maintain a democratic government. Collaborative governance Public organizations and the public administratorsRead MoreDemocratic Governance Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernance is an effort to make a module on â€Å"Theories of Democratic Governance and Research. For this study, one of the most popular topics â€Å"Democracy† discussed and analyzed from the point of theoretical aspect, contemporary research, and application aspect. Objectives This Knowledge Area Module (KAM) looks at democratic governance. This breadth component begins by discussing the theoretical characteristic of democracy. For this study, democratic thoughts of Aristotle, Milton Friedman, Robert DahlRead MoreComparative Politics Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Those who only know one country know no country.† – Seymour Martin Lipset. The scholar Guy Swanson once said, â€Å"Thinking without comparison is unthinkable. And, in the absence of comparison, so is all scientific thought and scientific research.† (cited in Ragin, 1992). As such, comparison is necessary for the development of political science. The ‘art of comparing’ can be seen as what experimentation is to most sciences – the principal and most effective way to test theory. (Peters, 1998) This essayRead MoreDirect Democracy Within A Representative System1485 Words   |  6 PagesOn a very basic level, direct democracy can be seen as mob rule or rule by decree. The system allows the mob to overrule the decisions made by the government, refusing any consistent social contracts between the citizens. In this pure form, direct democracy cannot even be considered a system of governance at all. It is not the most fair or just system. (Schneider). In order for any individual to indulge in a causal contract with other members of the s ociety, it is necessary that they feel that theyRead MorePolitical Participation in Hong Kong703 Words   |  3 PagesIn Hong Kong, the citizens enjoy the privilege freedom of speeches. Therefore, they are much more active in the political participations than the other people. â€Å"A vibrant democracy requires its citizens to participate in the political process and exercise their right to vote. â€Å" (Verba, Schlozman, Brady, 1995).The Hong Kongers have many ways to engage in the political campaign in order to draw the attention from general public in specific issues. As a member of this citizenship, I will participateRead MoreLibya s Transition Of The Arab Uprising Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesdivided than ever and in need of a plan to revive its nation. Libya’s transition to a democracy will involve many steps, considering its current lack of any centralized government. A multidimensional approach including peacekeeping, nation building, and developmental assistance is likely to have the most success in repairing Libya’s government. Through close monitoring, the Libyan government could be a functioning democracy in as little as five years. II. Past Democratic Injustices For 42 years, Libya wasRead MoreControversial Issues in Social Studies Curriculum Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesControversial Issues (CI) into Social Studies lesson. She included multifarious research findings from studies conducted in Social Studies classrooms in US and delved further to discuss its implications on teachers and students. This review aims to summarize the main research findings and contextualise its implication on the teaching and learning of Social Studies in Singapore. According to studies carried out in US schools, research findings showed that CI discussions were actively carried out in SocialRead MoreExamining Low Young Voter Turnout1193 Words   |  5 PagesOne of our most, and many would argue, the most valuable rights as citizens of a democracy is our right to vote. It gives us a voice in the direction our elected representatives steer our country. Unfortunately, historically young voters are underrepresented due to their low voting turnout. This came as a shock to me being a young voter myself. Growing up in California I was excited about getting the chance to vote, to have a voice as it were. However, this is clearly not the case for all potentialRead MoreFrom Movements to Parties in Latin America. The Evolution of Ethnic Politics. Donna Lee Van Cott. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. Pp. 2761079 Words   |  5 PagesThe author analyzes how indigenous people’s movements in Latin America transformed into viable political parties. For her, these new parties are good for the democracy because they enrich and enhance the legitimacy of the political and electoral system. She assumes that the primary link between state and society are the parties and its accountability impact on the institutions. She proves that the crisis of the traditional parties and the transformation of the historical electoral constrains wereRead MoreFast Food Outlets Is Fast Growing And Competition Is Fierce Among The Operators Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesShroudt and Wolfle, 2002; Shrrodt, Cawyer and Sanders, 2003). Consequently, to achieve organisational effectiveness, OCB must be displayed at workplace and Industrial Democracy (ID) is therefore an indispensable tool for motivating these behaviours. Sidney and Beatrice, (1926) viewed Industrial Democracy as an arrangement which involves workers making decisions, sharing responsibility and authority in the workplace. Clay, (1947) opined that ID sprang up from trade union movement with its political

Cyber Security A New Cyber Attack Essay - 1588 Words

In the newfound age of Cyber Security there is much that still needs to be done before the industry can function without all of the difficulties currently faced. Every day it seems like a new cyber attack has overtaken another victim. This cyber threat is so big that President Barak Obama passed the Cybersecurity Act of 2015 . Among other things, this act calls for increases in information sharing between businesses and the federal government. It also has a hefty dollar amount behind it. In the 2017 budget, the president is allocating more than $19 billion to be used for cybersecurity . With all of the threats out in the internet of things, companies need to find personnel that can analyze the traffic flowing in/out of the systems. Some of these companies do not have the manning or experience to support this growing need and they look to other companies to provide this vital service for them. Cyber security companies provide monitoring and analysis services in the form of a contract or subscription basis. One such company that may someday exist is Blue Hat Security(BHS) Solutions, LLC. This company is being developed conceptually through courses that are being taken in pursuit of a Bachelor of Science in Information Systems Management at Amridge University. There are also real world job experiences that are allowing this student to learn more about the cyber threats that exist and ways in which these threats can be minimized or prevented. Out of the courses at Amridge andShow MoreRelatedCyber Attack And Cyber Attacks Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pagestoday fear terror attacks that include bombing use of reinforcements like machines guns and other firearms. This is because terror attacks most of the times leave many people dead and others disabled while others are left without families. However, there is another attack today in many nations that can be destructive like a ter ror attack and this is the cyber-attack and threats. Cyber-attacks can be responsible for large mass destructions by making all systems connected to cyber networks fail to workRead MoreTop Three Trends in your profession and associated industry Annotated Bibliography1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe top three trends in the Cyber Security field are salary, career advancement, and the need for predictions of the future in how information is exchanged. Cyber-crimes are becoming more popular and because of the many attacks that are happening much more frequently it has caused for a higher demand in cyber security professionals. Companies spend millions of dollars to correct security breaches within their organization. Back in 2008 the salary range for IT security professionals were in the $80Read More Cyber Security Policies and Defense Contractors Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Cyber security policies in the private sector have been a challenging issue for major defense contractors, especially after recent attacks. As a result, the U.S. increased its strict enforcement against these companies by justifying its intervention to improve cyber security. The government would like to impose standards for companies who lack the proper protocol. Due to the revised and new procedures, corporations are responding by rejecting any congressional intervention. This has causedRead MoreCyber Defense And Security Issues789 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding cyber defense and security issues such as cyber-crime and cyber-attacks ensure efficient functioning of information systems. Cyber-attacks are real, unexpected and increasing in numbers according to Naumovski and Kenkov (2014) cyber defense is emerging as a high priority with the increased use of information technology. Naumovski et al. (2014) noted that understanding cyber defense and security issues would ensure efficient operation of information systems. Naumovski et al. (2014)Read MoreCyber Security Is A Growing Concern For Governments Around The World1296 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Cooperation for Cyber Security Cyber Security is a growing concern for governments around the world. Cyber-attacks pose a direct threat to the security of the nations’ critical infrastructures and Information Technologies (IT) as a low-cost asymmetric warfare element. Most of these nations are aware of the vulnerability of the information technologies and the significance of protecting critical infrastructures. To counteract the threat of potentially disastrous cyber-attacks, nations’ policy makersRead MoreCyber Terrorism1716 Words   |  7 Pagesbombing of a Chinese embassy in Belgrade. During this attack, government sites were hijacked and some sites suffered a denial of service attack. Most recently, it was suspected that Bank of America was the victim of a cyber terrorism attack; although no definitive evidence is available to substantiate that claim.   Cyber terror attacks pose a threat against the national security of the United States. In order to fully comprehend the threat that cyber terr orism poses, it is essential to understand theRead MoreTheu.s. Contemporary Security Environment1527 Words   |  7 Pagesthe U.S. contemporary security environment. For years, the American people have been victimized by cyber-attacks by having their personal information, emails, credit card, and banking information stolen by an invisible enemy named cyberterrorism. These types of attacks seem insignificant however; they are small examples of the vulnerabilities that our cyber world is experiencing. Our vulnerabilities are leaving our public officials in significant danger from cyber-attacks, as they are vulnerableRead MoreThe Impact of Mobile Devices on Cyber Security1132 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of Mobile Devices on Cyber security: The modern society including corporate environments has been characterized by the proliferation of mobile devices. The increased use of these devices is attributed to the significant opportunities they bring and their contribution towards enhanced communication. However, the increased use of mobile devices has been accompanied by considerable concerns regarding the privacy of personal information and sensitive corporate data that are stored on themRead MoreCyber Security And Cyber Attacks Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Cyber security is a major concern for every department, business, and citizen of the United States because technology impacts every aspect of our daily lives. The more we use technology the more complacent, we get with the information that is stored within our cyber networks. The more complacent, we get, the more vulnerable we become to cyber-attacks because we fail to update the mechanisms that safeguard our information. Breaches to security networks are detrimental to personal,Read MoreThe Enforcement Of Cyber Security Standards1456 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a new threat to the world, cyberspace. New technologies are being developed daily that threaten secure organizations. Attackers are able to take advantage of any vulnerability that they can find no matter the geological location. This threat poses risks to the economy, militaries, and governments around the world. The U.S. is at the forefront of the defense of cyber security, but with the endless number of cyber terrorist s, the U.S. defense is not enough. Nations need to come together to

Thinking Your Way to a Better Jobs free essay sample

We have to learn who the support staff is and we also have to go out of our way to be helpful to them. People do a lot of work and don’t get nearly the amount of appreciation that we deserve it, so when someone treats well we can notice it. Like when an emergency situation happens (and they always do) having a good support co-worker on our side can be the difference between failure and pulling out success. The point is, we have to treat equal to everybody. c) Out blame but time to fix it To feel like part of the organization, managers should use this approach in internal values. When something jobs or assignment going wrong, doesn’t judging it before do some little research about it. Because the main concern is to find a better way to fix it and not to lay blame in particular person. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking Your Way to a Better Jobs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page d) Partnership between manager and employees Both managers and employees want to create a better job performance in their organization. But, sometimes, some are fails to achieve it. So in orders to do that, employees need to obey but still respect the leader (managers) at the same time the managers have to allowed employees to give idea, or decisions. Communication in both are very important to make the partnership really happen. Managers should give some appreciation and recognized for their work. e) Be proactive When we do our jobs that already in our checklist, always do a little more than is expected from us. It means, we have to deliver more values than what is required. It not necessary to be complicated but little things to turn something good into something great. It also, we have to increase out quality of work which can be noticed by our manager. f) Participate in activities/be sociable It is very important to show some enthusiasm into anything that our organization doing. This ‘out of the office’ type of events are actually quite crucial, as this is a chance to continue to our solidity social game, as well as a great opportunity to hang-out or mingle with our superior/managers. It show to them that we are committed, likable and serious individual and also show that we are part of the organization. g) Co-Workers Very Helpful A successful company are manage by a group effort. It is a team work. When i being available to help out my co-workers then they will appreciate it. Then we can create a good cooperation among the groups and it will increase a value in the company. h) Reasonable Working Hours Working in my office is meeting my needs. I like to work from 8 am to 5 pm on weekdays. On weekends I can spend time with family or doing activities that I am passionate i) Get Comfortable With Our Own Personality For example, people with introverted personality traits may feel weird or antisocial. Introverts don’t always realize that they are simply drained by group of people and that they process their thoughts differently than extroverts. The more you know about your personality and the more comfortable you are with yourself that will be easier to like your job. j) Appreciate What Are We Have Now Ive worked in a number of jobs over the years, doing a variety of things, and finally, Ive decided that the VERY best job to have is a job you love, regardless of salary wise, benefits, co-workers, increments or future prospects. And Ive finally found the perfect and suitable job for me and I’m very passionate. I shouldnt be thankful for my job they should be thankful for having a great job like this. I’m one of the lucky people to have a job like this and I must thank to god at this time to give a great opportunity. k) Creating An Environment For example I love creating an environment for people to succeed, I love making a difference, I love having the opportunity to create a great place for people to work, I love working with people smarter than me, I love challenging people, I love working with people that work as hard as me (or at least as smart),I love having the opportunity to build a team that strives to do great things and does. l) Work Has Enormous Instrinc Value Work is not just a means to an end. Work has enormous intrinsic value ,to earn money to live in leisure   and gives us life in a wealthy society, it change our lifestyle to be better, jobs bring a high quality of life, job brings satisfaction and happiness in life, opportunity to build healthy life and wealthy, Can be a positive, Can gain knowledge from senior person. m) Emotion Management Mood and emotions form the affective element of job satisfaction Moods tend to be longer lasting but often weaker states of uncertain origin, while emotions are often more intense, short-lived and have a clear object or cause. There is some evidence in the literature that moods are related to overall a better job. Positive and negative emotions were also found to be significantly Related to overall job satisfaction Frequency of experiencing net positive emotion will be a better predictor of overall job satisfaction than will intensity of positive emotion when it is experienced. Emotion work (or emotion management) refers to various types of efforts to manage emotional states and displays. Emotion management includes all of the conscious and unconscious efforts to increase, maintain, or decrease one or more components of an emotion. Although early studies of the consequences of emotional work emphasized its harmful effects on workers, studies of workers in a variety of occupations suggest that the consequences of emotional work are not uniformly negative. It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job quality and the amplification of pleasant emotions increases job satisfaction to be a better job. Question 2 This Exercise Might Make A Difference In How We Feel About Our Job and Our Life? For us the answer is yes, its workable things in our life and we are biggest fan of our job. We can differentiate between job and life. Job giving us wealth and leisure and make our lifestyle change dragly to better life. We should appreciate what we having in our life and should thinks that we are the lucky person  in this world to live here. Our conclusion that can be obtained from this study : †¢ Better Individual Performance When people like going to work, they are better workers. Without a doubt, working in a job where you enjoy the company of your fellow employees will make you enjoy work more and it will also allow you to do better work. †¢ Better Group Performance Teamwork nd camaraderie allows us to elevate our collective work performance to an even higher level. We are at our best when we rely on our co-workers to cooperate with us, to build relationships, and to lend support. We are most productive as a group when we have access to professional behavior, teamwork, and every once in a while, a little pat on the back. †¢ Better Employee Retention Friendly employees will tend to stay in a job longer. Given the high costs of recruiting and training new employees, its clear that creating a friendly work environment can be a key success factor for every organization.

Midsummer Nights Essays - Hermia, Demetrius,

Midsummer Nights Everyone thinks they will fall in love or be in love with someone else at one point in there life.Love is a very strong word, in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespear, it was used to its full potential. It could be true love or jus an infatuation that you think is love but it really isn`t. First there was the love between Theseus and Hippolyta, which lasted though out the whole play. Then Lysander and Hermia were in love but Demitrius also loved Hermia but that was change later by Oberon. Later Demetrius falls back in love with Helena but only because he was put under a spell. In this play there were many relationships between all the charaters. I think the play A Midsummer Nights Dream reflects deep truths about love and relationships. In Norrie Epstiens essay there were many good points. Most of them were about how all the chatacters were interchangable and how they fell in love. Her most important point was how love becomes a spell. Love dose become a spell or at least seems like one because you dont function right when your in love. That happens alot in this play with Helena and Lysander. Like when Lysander is told that he can not marry Helena he tries to do whatever he can to try to get the duke to let them marry. He even was gonna try to sneak out of athens with Helena jus so they can be together and that makes the reader think that he would not do that if they weren`t in love. Another good point that Epstien had was that love transforms a mortal into a rarety of imperfection. When people are in love with each other they try to act perfect so that don`t make a bad impression. The person thinks that if they act perfect around the person they think they "love" that they will start to "fall in love" with each other. That isn`t how it works every time though so you are doing all that work for nothing. This is what is meant by transforming and it happens a lot in real life and in the play.

Marketing Environment and Marketing Mix of Walt Disney Essays

Marketing Environment and Marketing Mix of Walt Disney Essays Marketing Environment and Marketing Mix of Walt Disney Paper Marketing Environment and Marketing Mix of Walt Disney Paper the gates of the park were French farmers tractor knocked down. After that there are problems in the operation process, Disney has a policy of not Irving alcohol in the park and it surprised the people of the country that each meal with a glass of wine of course. Disney thought that: Monday is the day away, while Friday was crowded day and arrange staff to think that, but in fact quite the opposite. Disney heard that: the French do not eat breakfast should build small restaurant when in fact everyone has had breakfast. So put in the right situation for 2500 dining in a 350 seat restaurant. But the biggest problem of the Euro Disneyland as Europeans seem to consider the park is the place to go during the day, not resting place so they are usually in 2 days. Meanwhile Disney plans to stay long should have invested billions of dollars to build the luxury hotels near park and most of the time about half of the rooms are empty, the number of visitors and the French do not East as Disney plans: in 1 994 only 40% of the total. Many tourists are Americans living in Europe and Japan on vacation in Europe! As a result , by the end of 1 994, Euro-Disneyland losses totaling $ 2 billion. Disney was forced to change strategy. First of all, the name was changed to Disneyland Paris park ; design, food and style of service is changed. The items sold in the gift shop also carry features of Disney rather than bring French style. Finally, admission and discount hotel rooms are down 1/3. The result is the number of visitors has increased from 8. 8 million in 1994 to 11. Million in 1996. The Natural Environment Geographical location: United States is located in North America, eastern is North Atlantic, western is North Pacific, the northern border with Canada, and the southern border with Mexico. US is the economic center of the world so it should be favorable for the development of industries, especially the entertainment industry. 4th Demographic Environment Demographic segments in the macro environment related to population, age structure, geographic distribution, ethnic and income distribution. The first force must monitor is the population, because people make up markets. Marketing people do deeply concerned about the scale and rate of population growth in cities, regions and different countries, the distribution of age and ethnic structure, education level, household patterns families, as well as the characteristics and movements of the region. Ethnicity: The racial ND ethnic structure is very different. Japan is one extreme, because there everyone is Japanese, and the United States, located at the other extreme, because people originating from almost all countries. Each population group has certain expectations and certain shopping habits. Depending on your age, sex and physiological changes, the animated character be the children loved transformed from the prince, princess, superhero or Barbie dolls, from the heroes in fiction to sports athletes, from the famous singer to the circus clown, from cartoon characters to the real example. Capture those heartsickness Walt Disney Company, the owner of numerous childrens favorite characters on a global scale. After recognition Of the dominant role in the market for girls of village entertainment industry, Walt Disney recently launched Disney CD, a brand aimed at 6-14 year-old boy, audience but the researchers believe that global profits of up to $ 50 million. MARKETING MIX Target Market Potential market: children need to see animation Available market a collection of families with children, income, interest in the field of animation -The qualified available market: a collection of people n the market and have the desire to see the cartoons of Walt Disney. D Standard segment of the market: market segments by age ; Children under 6 years of age: the cartoon picture simple, colorful, witty humor (Tom and Jerry, Donald Duck). ; From 6 to 20 years: richer video content, the film revolves around the issue of ethics, formed in the subconscious good cultural values, discoveries, life experience, fun things of the outside world (Spenserian, Snow White and the seven dwarfs, the Little Mermaid) ; Over 20 years old: film about big emotions, the higher moral ales that people need to look to as environmental protection, against war ( Tarzan, Chicken Run ) Price Superior quality allows Walt Disney demanding higher prices , improvements can lead to higher prices and lower unit costs. These three factors together help to Walt Disney to create higher value by lowering costs or make a difference in the product compared to its competitors, allowing Disney to do better than its competitors. Product Children are always a concern and must be special educate seriously. Understand that Disney has introduced a form of entertainment that is animated in order to satisfy the needs of the children Trademark Walt Disney brand stands for: imagination, healthy, fun and quality of American entertainment. In addition, the logo is a stylized version of signature of the founder, which gives it that is owned by Walt Disney Brothers Walt Disney Company logo is a symbol of quality and it makes the customers have a loyalty to our brand. O Keep people always Mackey minded Support Services enriched prod cuts: Customer service is a key element in the product strategy . When customers see the Walt Disney movie in the theater, they may receive preferential reveries from companies such as discount movie tickets, programs attractive gifts for lucky audience. The companys service aims to make cartoons become attractive. Distribution Distribution channels include: ; Indirect channels: Walt Disney Pictures Television, a subsidiary of the Group, specialized in the production and acquisition of the plastic film and television for redistribution under the brand Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Hold)wood Pictures. In addition, Walt Disney film distribution and marketing through marketing companies and their distribution in the U. S. And key foreign markets ; Direct channels: direct distribution Walt Disney tapes, video discs under its various brands for the U. S. Domestic market. On the international market, company use both indirectly and directly distribution through the foreign issuer. Walt Disney development, production and distribution of animated films for various stations around the world, including the main channels, Disney Channel and cable broadcasters under two brands Walt Disney Television and Buena Vista Television. 5. Promotion C] The form of advertising: ; Ads on TV ; Outdoor Advertising Advertising through internet ; Public Relations ; Promotion IV) LESSON Disney successful brand with famous animated character and loved throughout the world, such as Mackey Mouse or Donald Duck. And behind these success is a commercial art. Whenever referring to the American entertainment industry, people always mention Walt Disney ; one of the worlds leading entertainment corporations with annual revenues of more than $ 2. 2 billion. But perhaps few people know that the mighty Walt Disney Corporation today started out with just two mouse and 2 cartoon duck. Until owe, when in the hands of thousands of vivid character animation, funny animal world still play an important role in creating attractive and great appeal of Disney. The marketing strategies has bring success to Disney are Disneyland, park simulates the animal world in Florida, USA and palatable park Mackey. We can say, thanks to the unique marketing strategies that Walt Disney had reversed the decrease in sales of the company began in 1980 and moved to strong growth and increased market share continuously in the following years. The index measuring perceptions and feelings Disney brand increased significantly, especially among younger customers. Of course, not all companies have the financial resources to build the amusement parks such as Walt Disney, but the lessons from the Walt Disney very clear: The moment of relaxation and entertainment pleasure, if the connection with the brand, will contribute to building a successful strategy to attract customers in the business. In my opinion, Sets out a strategy for the company is not an easy thing, it is a process of research of administrators. When show a strategy for company, manager must to find out the external factors affecting he company and the possibility that the company may offer for that strategy to achieve the goal.

Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties

Justice and Civil Liberties The idea of justice and civil liberties has plagued the minds of man since the beginning of civilization. Questions such as, why aren’t we all equal, why is one race of peoples better than another, and should both sexes be equal have been on the minds of people for centuries. The ideas of equality and liberty began showing up before America was a country. Some of these issues were addressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, but many unsolved issues remained and still persist to this very day. Throughout the struggle for equality and justice many prominent figures arose. Two of these individuals were Susan B. Anthony and Martin Luther King Jr. Susan B. Anthony was a very strong believer in equality for all and especially in the equality between men and women. Susan B. Anthony was born in 1820 and grew up in a Quaker family with strong abolitionist beliefs. From an early age Susan fought for equal rights for women, she was an advocate of equal pa y for women teachers and coed education. She helped pass a bill in the New York legislature that gave women some control over their children and their earnings. In the 1872 presidential election Susan decided to test whether the 14th amendment of the Constitution, equal protection under the law, applied to women. She tried registering for voting and was arrested. Anther strong opponent of justice and civil liberties, particularly equality amongst African-Americans and Caucasians was Minister Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was born in 1929 and was the leader of a nonviolent civil rights struggle. Born into a family of ministers, King became a public figure while still in his twenties when he led a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. He was frequently threatened or arrested due to his extensive leadership in sit-ins and marches in segregated southern towns and cities, particularly Birmingham, Alabama. Susan B. Antho... Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties Justice and Civil Liberties The idea of justice and civil liberties has plagued the minds of man since the beginning of civilization. Questions such as, why aren’t we all equal, why is one race of peoples better than another, and should both sexes be equal have been on the minds of people for centuries. The ideas of equality and liberty began showing up before America was a country. Some of these issues were addressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, but many unsolved issues remained and still persist to this very day. Throughout the struggle for equality and justice many prominent figures arose. Two of these individuals were Susan B. Anthony and Martin Luther King Jr. Susan B. Anthony was a very strong believer in equality for all and especially in the equality between men and women. Susan B. Anthony was born in 1820 and grew up in a Quaker family with strong abolitionist beliefs. From an early age Susan fought for equal rights for women, she was an advocate of equal pa y for women teachers and coed education. She helped pass a bill in the New York legislature that gave women some control over their children and their earnings. In the 1872 presidential election Susan decided to test whether the 14th amendment of the Constitution, equal protection under the law, applied to women. She tried registering for voting and was arrested. Anther strong opponent of justice and civil liberties, particularly equality amongst African-Americans and Caucasians was Minister Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was born in 1929 and was the leader of a nonviolent civil rights struggle. Born into a family of ministers, King became a public figure while still in his twenties when he led a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. He was frequently threatened or arrested due to his extensive leadership in sit-ins and marches in segregated southern towns and cities, particularly Birmingham, Alabama. Susan B. Antho...

Segundo de Chomon and His Ciinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Segundo de Chomon and His Ciinema - Essay Example As the study stresses on one side the cinema is documenting reality, the reality of the train coming to the platform. On the other hand the same cinema is making the unreal look real, by making the viewer believe that the train coming towards him is real. These two qualities of Cinema led to the division of it into documentaries and feature films or fantasy films .It was the French magician Georges Melies who first explored the possibility of fantasy created through cinema He was the one to use what we now call the special effects in cinema. He discovered the cinematic special effect called the stop trick, in which objects disappear from the screen. He is the one to use the photographic effect called the multiple exposure, and also time lapse photography. He achieved all this with in a year after the Lumiere show, that’s in 1896. With his inventiveness, humor and the visual power Melies could create magic on the screen, so that he was called the â€Å"Cine magician†. Ac cording to Robert Philip Kolker, â€Å"Lumiere and Melies are posited as progenitors of two separate modes of cinematic expression, the one photographing things existing in the world, the other creating fantasies in the studio.† Years later Teruel Segundo de Chomon y Ruiz took forwards this fantasy and magic of cinema initiated by Georges Melies, both of them in France. Chomon’s Les Kiriki: Acrobats Japanois is a two minutes thirty seconds film that shows the Melies’s effect on him. This film was made one hundred and two years ago in 1907.It shows a group of dances who look like Japanese acrobats. Their samurai hair style is absurd and not correctly matching the samurai style at all.

US moving to IFRS. (International Accounting) Essay

US moving to IFRS. (International Accounting) - Essay Example   Albrecht affirms that the best way to determine the viability of adopting a new course of action is by use of incremental analysis in which the benefits of the change should outweigh its cost. The decision of the US moving to IFRS has triggered a lot of debate, with many participants narrowing its effect to the various parties. Among them are the investors whose protection is included in the SEC mission. According to Albrecht two key elements defining financial markets under the U.S. GAAP are the low cost of seeking capital and the highest ROIs as compared to other markets in the world. This has to a major extent been attributed to the good rules that have been developed, challenged and shaped for several years, which has led to â€Å"bright lines† in reporting unlike in IFRSs where managers can manipulate numbers. If the adoption occurs the U.S. companies may experience a reduction in market value in stocks and bonds to unknown levels. According to Parks the cost of adoption could be approximately $32 million per company. In fact British Petroleum CEO said that for his company $100 million was spent for the first year and roughly $150 million for the second and third year. This is a huge cost against revenue and it’s likely to affect the profit margins and consequently returns on investment. Finally on the costs, in the U.S investors and accountants will need to learn how to read and interpret the financial statements prepared using IFRSs. This will need resources in terms of money and time to cover millions of these people. The benefits to investors will be an expected reduction in audit fees whose effect will be felt as years pass by, as auditors will have to take corporate numbers at face value. Based on this analysis the cost are more tangible and seem to outweigh the benefits hence the move would not really benefit the

Minimum wage essay Essay Example for Free

Minimum wage essay Essay Minimum wage has been a very controversial topic. Nowadays people just can’t survive on minimum wage. Prices are rising but yet the pay is still the same. How do they expect us to survive on eight dollars and twenty five cents? Minimum wage workers in Chicago land locations had joined others across the country for a one-day strike, which was held August 29, 2013 outside the ROCK N ROLL McDonalds in the River North neighborhood, demanding their wage to be at least . 00 an hour. There was a worker there named Tyree Johnson who said he has been working on McDonalds for a total of 21 years and still earning a total of eight dollars and twenty five cents an hour. He states â€Å"Every time I would ask for a raise they would just tell me you shouldn’t have joined that union, were not giving you any raise†. The workers who had gathered up there said that they were tired on choosing between paying the rent or paying the groceries. Another minimum wage worker named Dejun Jackson says it takes him three jobs to raise a family. He gets up at 4:30am to start his shift at 5:45am. He ends his first job around 1 O’clock and has to be in his second job around 1:15. He does not end his second shift until 9 or 9:30pm. He states he has no time to see his kids except the weekends for the same reason that he has two jobs. Between his two jobs he works a total of 70 hours a week. Within a year he makes an average of $50,000. Dejun Jackson is also in school hoping one day he would be able to work just one shift and spend more time with his family. But just by having just one job he wouldn’t be able to make it through since one job helps him pay the pills and the other the cost of his school. I agree that people cannot live on minimum wage since the cost of living has gone up drastically. This has always been a conflict and will continue to be unless they raise minimum wage. The type of life we are living now days won’t simply just get us through by working on minimum wage. People have things to pay for example rent, food transportation, clothes, bills; school etc. People that get pay minimum wage are usually on government assistance which means everybody who is paying taxes are actually paying for the food stamps or any type of services that they are receiving from the government. It would be better if the companies would just pay their workers a decent amount of salary instead of other people having to pay for whatever the company is not paying them. The authors’ argument is very logical since it states why people can’t survive on minimum wage. This makes people have two jobs just too sustain a family. People wouldn’t be able to make through just by having one job, since the cost of living has gone up drastically.

Comparing the Blues in Hughes The Blues Im Playing and Baldwins Sonn

The Blues: in Hughes' The Blues I'm Playing and Baldwin's Sonny's Blues  Ã‚   In Langston Hughes' The Blues I'm Playing, the blues are the source of Oceola's life and her choices. Langston is trying to illustrate the conflict between life and art. The art in this story is represented in a confined manner, as a disciplined career with a white woman acting as the overseer in the young lady's life. Art to Oceola, with its profit, convenience and privileges offers an array of benefits, but being embodied in Dora Ellsworth, the art seems to drift away from life's vitality. Life in Oceola sings itself in jazz and blues in Harlem, ignores the artistic East 63rd Street and the rules by which are claims its superiority. There is a closeness between the blues and the life of Oceola as she summarizes her life for her patron. She remembers Mobile's roast pig and the large mouth of Billy Kersands, the minstrel leader who let her as a child place both hands inside it. The relevance of Negro experience to blues and jazz is the point in her recollection that her parents, both musicians, we... Comparing the Blues in Hughes' The Blues I'm Playing and Baldwin's Sonn The Blues: in Hughes' The Blues I'm Playing and Baldwin's Sonny's Blues  Ã‚   In Langston Hughes' The Blues I'm Playing, the blues are the source of Oceola's life and her choices. Langston is trying to illustrate the conflict between life and art. The art in this story is represented in a confined manner, as a disciplined career with a white woman acting as the overseer in the young lady's life. Art to Oceola, with its profit, convenience and privileges offers an array of benefits, but being embodied in Dora Ellsworth, the art seems to drift away from life's vitality. Life in Oceola sings itself in jazz and blues in Harlem, ignores the artistic East 63rd Street and the rules by which are claims its superiority. There is a closeness between the blues and the life of Oceola as she summarizes her life for her patron. She remembers Mobile's roast pig and the large mouth of Billy Kersands, the minstrel leader who let her as a child place both hands inside it. The relevance of Negro experience to blues and jazz is the point in her recollection that her parents, both musicians, we...

Aids essay

Nowadays, with the developed industrialization there are a lot of dangerous diseases which have influence on the people. There are the cancer, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s etc. One of them is AIDS – the serious disease. Unfortunately, day by day the number of people who are infected with Aids is increasing. Infected people are very weak to fight off other infectious disease and soon they will die. AIDS is one of the dangerous diseases, so the people need to know about how to prevent it.Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome, popularly known by its abbreviation AIDS is a fatal disease as it attacks and destroys the immune system of the body. It is caused by a virus called Human Immuno Deficiency Virus or HIV in short. HIV damages body’s immune system by destroying white blood cells which help us to destroy invaded pathogens. When HIV enters a white blood cell, it may remain dormant. However, once it is activated, it infects another cell to produce many new HIVS. After a certain period of time, the white blood cells are destroyed and leading to a loss of function of the immune system (Y.K. Ho,2004). The first ever case of a person with AIDS was detected in America in 1959 which later emerged as a dreadfully widespread disease in the 1980s in countries like France, , Belgium, Uganda, Zambia Tanzania, Zimbabwe etc. Moreover, AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. [The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems.Soon thereafter, an unexpected number of gay men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged, alerting U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak. In the early days, the CDC did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus.They also used Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981. At one point, the Center of Diseases Control coined the phrase â€Å"the 4H disease†, since the syndrome seemed to affect Haitians, homosexuals, hemophiliacs, and heroin users. In the general press, the term â€Å"GRID†, which stood for gay-related immune deficiency, had been coined. However, after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the gay community, it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982.By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS. HIV is a fast spreading disease in the world which if—not controlled—can take an epidemic proportion. According to the data and statistics of World Health Organization, global summary of the AIDS epidemic, 2009, the number of people living with HIV is around 33. 3 million and AIDS death in 2009 is around 1. 8 million. The highest numbers of AIDS cases are found in Mumbai in India which is known as die AIDS capital of the country and is closely followed by Chennai, Thiruvanandiapuram, Nagpur, Aurangabad and Kolhapur.Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Delhi too have a number of HIV cases being reported in die recent years. As per die common myth, HIV infection is not contagious as is measles, chicken pox, tuberculosis, cholera, plague, smallpox etc. The infection mainly spreads through a sexual route or blood to blood contact. HIV spreads mainly through sexual relationship-whether heterosexual or homosexual with an infected partner, transfusion of HIV infected blood and blood products, use of infected syringes or needles and is passed on by an infected mother to her unborn child.It is therefore, foolish to believe that HIV spreads through mosquitoes, embracing, holding, touching or kissing each other, shaking hands, coughing, sneezing, spitting, sharing of public toilets or swimming pools, sharing meals or eating from the same plates, or sharing clothes, bed sheets, or attending similar schools or working together. There are many causes to explain why people got AIDS and there are also some serious effects. The first cause can be because they did not recieve enough information about specific illnesses like AIDS.So to help us to prevent AIDS: we need to educate the children carefully. It is because AIDS has existed since many years ago. Although many scientists have tried to discover the treatment against this terrible disease, they have not found some patent treatments yet. Scientists caution that a safe, effective vaccine against HIV may be at least a decade away, mainly because, like the influenza virus, HIV mutates (changes structure ) quickly, producing different strains. An ideal vaccine must be able to stimulate neutralization of both â€Å"free† viruses and those hidden within lymphocytes, such s T-helper cells. Researchers in various countries have developed and are testing a few preliminary vaccines. One sub-unit vaccine, made from virus coat material (a glycoprotein) genetically cloned in an insect virus (the baculovirus, which attacks moths and butterflies but no humans) has been shown to stimulate an immune response in experimental animals. Another preliminary vaccine, produced by cloning modified Vaccinia viruses, containing a portion of HIV envelope, is about to enter clinical trials in New York. But to date no vaccine tried in animals or humans has been shown to prevent AIDS.The best way to avoid AIDS is to regard it as a highly lethal disease and practice commonsense prevention. Avoiding infection is in one’s own hands. People can protect themselves. To halt its spread, people are enco uraged to obtain and apply accurate AIDS information to their living styles and sexual habits in order to reduce the risk of getting or transmitting the virus. Sadly, health promoters claim that â€Å"reaching the many who don't want to know† is no easy task. Health promoters suggest that educators must learn how and when to communicate AIDS information – in the right way at â€Å"teachable† moments.Many Public Health Departments are now taking the lead in disseminating education about AIDS with large scale public awareness programs. On the other hand, there are many ways to reduce AIDS, but the primary way is have a protective sex. One of the examined showed that consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term. When one partner of a couple is infected, consistent condom use results in rates of HIV infection for the uninfected person of below 1% per year.There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection. Application of a vaginal gel containing tenofovir (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40% among African women. By contrast, use of the spermicide nonoxynol-9 may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation. Circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa â€Å"reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over 24 months†.Based on these studies, the World Health Organization and UNAIDS both recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in 2007. Whether it protects against male-to-female transmission is disputed and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined. Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may result in more sexual risk-taking behavior, thus negating its p reventive effects.Women who have undergone female genital cutting have an increased risk of HIV. Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk. Evidence for a benefit from peer education is equally poor. Comprehensive sexual education provided at school may decrease high risk behavior. A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high-risk practices despite knowing about HIV/AIDS, underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.It is not known if treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV. To conclude, AIDS is a very dangerous diseases, so it needs to be controlled.. We must go to all extremes in preventing this virus from spreading much more that it already has. If you could spread it then you need to be tested, educated, isolated and treated. We must do all that it takes to prevent someone else from being infected. References Aids. In Wikipedia. com. Retrieved from http://en. wiki pedia. org/wiki/HIV/AIDS

Evolution of Selling

The Evolution of selling The essay titled â€Å"Evolution of Selling â€Å"is based upon how selling has developed with the various key changes back into the industrial revolution era that has had an huge impact upon and led to the ways and approaches of selling today and looks into the ancient and modern methods, techniques and attitudes of selling which altogether has contributed to its modernization.The age of selling has brought about many advancements and developments in the world of Marketing through the encouragement of improving technology and people’s hard working attitude towards it, although, the question that remains is how personal selling even started at the first place? For which, Williams et al. (2001) has said in one of his books, Sales Management, that a street peddler was the first person ever who made a door-to-door sale by collecting the produce from the local farmers and selling it to the townspeople.Selling today would never have been so convincing if door-to-door selling was never introduced in the market because without understanding the customer’s needs and wants in detail by discussing with them, the company wouldn’t know what satisfies a customer, what products for whom and how they should be made according to their needs.Salespeople who earned a living only by selling products did not happen to be many in numbers until the Industrial Revolution(mid 1700s) hit England as traders, merchants, and artisans used to fill in the selling function before this era and were treated with disrespect due to frequent use of deception in the sale of goods (Williams et al. ,2001).The need for more salespeople was increasing since the local economies were no longer self-reliant and intercity and international trade began to embellish and therefore by the Post-Industrial Revolution Era (Early 1800s), personal selling was well recognized in England, whereas in the United States, it had just begun although eventually after the 185 0s became a well-established part of the United States business practice. For example, sending out of 400 traveling salespeople in the 1880s was being reported by one wholesaler in the Detroit area (Williams et al. , 2001).Furthermore, Charles W. Hoyt, 1912 cited in Williams et al. ( 2001;p19) as author of one of the first textbooks on sales management, records two types of salespeople â€Å"The old kind of salesman is the ‘big me’ species†¦. He works for himself and, so far as possible, according to his own ideas†¦. There is another type of salesman. He is the new kind. At present he is in the minority, but he works for the fastest growing and most successful houses of the day. He works for the house and the house works for him. He welcomes and uses every bit of help the house sends to him. Hoyt’s observations about the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ salesperson had woken up the managements of firms in the United States who were beginni ng to realize the incredible potential of personal selling. The two World Wars and the Great Depression Era had affected the United States badly during the 30 year span from 1915-1945. New sales methods did not develop quickly then as the economic activity had to concentrate on the war efforts and due to this depression, Business firms had to employee aggressive salespeople to produce badly needed sales revenue (Williams et al. 2001). This in turn may have led upon the corrosion of the customers because a salesperson without the personal code of ethics and being aggressive can erode customers by pushing them into the product forcefully even if they are not willing to buy it. During the post- World War II era, Salespeople as employees were given more importance since many more firms were beginning to understand the benefits of research- based integrated marketing programs (Williams et al. 2001). Professionalism and the Marketing era begins in the late 1940s where Buyers became more i ntolerant of high-pressure putting sellers and instead preferred a well-informed, customer-oriented salesperson, for which, an article called ‘low pressure selling’ was published by Harvard Business Review in the year 1947 helping the salespeople put more efforts in improvising their professional behavior and building a good rapport with the buyers (Williams et al. , 2001).More organizations were beginning to realize that the salespersons are in a position to collect product, market and service information concerning and determining the target market’s needs and wants in order to deliver the desired satisfaction (Manning, Ahearne and Reece, 2012). Since the beginning of the modern era, Personal selling has developed through many distinctive stages such as the transactional selling era, the consultative selling era, the strategic selling era and the partnering era.During the transactional selling era, the two forces namely, Psychology and Methodology was introduce d in the 1950s which changed the whole selling industry and both of them adjoined to create a five step process called AIDCA, an acronym for Attention through sizzle, Interest aroused by describing the features and benefits, Desire by associating features and benefits with the needs and wants, Conviction from the seller in overcoming objections and Action by actively closing in for commitment (Hughes, nd).Transaction selling is the set of skills, strategies and sales processes that matches the needs of intrinsic value customers who treat suppliers as a commodity and are especially interested in the price and the convenience of the product (Rackham and Devincentis, 1999). In transactional selling, the buyers are mainly focused to a low-priced and a convenient product to buy, whereas the salesperson is focused into manipulating the buyer into buying it.The marketers were beginning to adopt lower cost sales channels for such sale but the decline in transactional selling due to the rise in e-commerce, increasing the complexity of businesses, led to the rise of the consultative selling era (Manning, Ahearne and Reece, 2012). The consultative selling era began in the late 1960s and early 1970s which is more focused onto the customer’s need-identification and is accomplished through effective communication between the buyer and the seller.According to Neil Rackham and John Devincentis, in their book ‘Rethinking the sales force’, the consultative selling is linked with extrinsic value customers who demand more value and are willing to pay for any additional benefits outside of the product. The seller listens carefully to the customers’ needs and problems and tries to come up with an appropriate solution to it, which also leads to the building of customer’s trust for it. Manipulation is replaced by Negotiation in consultative selling as the seller look towards making long-term relationships with the customers (Manning, Ahearne and Reec e, 2012).Neil Rackham’s, Author of the best-selling sales book ‘Spin Selling ‘, SPIN selling method is the perfect example for this where S stands for Situation, P for Problem, I for Implication and N for Need Payoff. The strategic selling era began to evolve in the 1980s where the businesses witnessed a more complex selling situation due to the increase in global competition, wider product lines, and greater demand for more specific and custom-made products. A strategy is just more than tactics, it often involves analyzing the market and searching for information related to the customer’s needs and wants before making the actual sale.Its steps are to develop a personal selling philosophy, develop a relationship strategy, develop a product strategy, develop a customer strategy, and develop a presentation strategy (Manning, Ahearne and Reece, 2012). The Partnering Era was beginning to grab attention in the 1990s and turned into a business reality in the 2000 s. It is strategically developed by skillfully applying the four major strategies of the strategic selling and also delivering a quality product and building a quality long-term relationship with the customer (Manning, Ahearne and Reece, 2012).In modern selling, it doesn’t always have to be on foot because most of the organizations apply a variety of other selling methods calling it ‘the selling mix’ in which, according to William C. Moncrief and Greg W. Marshall in their article â€Å"Evolution of the seven stages of selling†, it includes methods such as teleselling, part-time sales forces, internet selling, national account representatives and selling through the use of partners.The traditional seven steps of selling involves steps such as Prospecting-salespeople find their own prospects and potential customers, Preapproach-salespeople study customer’s needs and wants prior to the actual visit, Approach-salespeople build rapport with customer†™s by applying strategies, Presentation- Providing sufficient information for the buyer to understand the products benefits, Objections- Customer objects and asks questions relating to the product and the company, therefore salespeople should answer in a positive manner to reveal customer’s needs, Close- closing the sale with the commitment to buy the product, Follow up- After service to make sure the customer is happy with the purchase(Moncrief and Marshall, 2005). There were many transformative factors, which led to the evolution of these seven steps of selling, such as telemarketing, support staff, PowerPoint/multimedia, listening, team selling, identifying mutual goals, increased effectiveness of communication through technology and many more (Moncrief and Marshall, 2005).The evolved selling process then turns out to be the following: Customer retention and deletion- 80% of Business made from 20% of existing customers so company decides to retain the high potential and profitable customers rather than prospecting for new ones, Database and knowledge management- Technological advances such as email and mobile phones has helped salespeople create a customer database quicker than before, Customer relationship management- Requires the salespeople to maintain a long term relation with the customers, Marketing the product- Salespeople now have to market the product by using segmentation and targeting etc. , Problem solving and system selling- Identify customers problems and needs and implement effective solution, Satisfying needs and adding value- Stimulate need recognition for the customer to realize their needs (Jobber and Lancaster, 2009). In conclusion, there still are some traditional techniques and methods used in the professionalism of selling today although there is one big difference that the selling before was company oriented and selling today is customer oriented. ReflectionThe essay on the evolution of selling was very interesting as it has familiarized me with the history of selling before moving any further with the modern selling and it has enriched me with lots of quality knowledge by referring to quality sources I can trust. If I’m to make a career in selling, which I think I will since It has filled the gaps of my theoretical and practical knowledge and that I also find it very interesting, It will also help not to repeat the mistakes in future that have been made previously by other salesmen. It has made me think about the skills that I already possess and the ones that I need to work on like communications skills, presentation skills.It did not seem interesting at first but then when I got to know the basics of the evolution of selling and what’s this essay is going to be about, I was filled with enthusiasm and kick-started it with a spark. Although it was quite difficult to look for the appropriate sources and took a lot of time going through it, I was not the least bothered and was ready to go that extra mile and make the effort. References Hughes, T. (nd),  The Evolution of Selling,  Available from http://rsvpselling. com/content/evolution-selling. Last accessed 10th November 2012. Jobber, D. and Lancaster, G. (2009), Selling and Sales Management, 8th edition, Essex (England), Pearson education limited. Manning, L. G. , Ahearne, M. , and Reece, L. B. (2012), Selling Today: Partnering to create value, 12th edition, New Jersey, Prentice Hall Moncrief, C. W. and Marshall, W. G. 2005) Industrial Marketing Management, the Evolution of the Seven Steps of Selling, Vol 34, No 1, pp13-22, Available from Business source complete (EBSCO), Accessed 10 November 2012. Rackham, N. (1988), Spin Selling, United States of America, McGraw-Hill Professional. Rackham, N. and Devincentis, J. (1999), Rethinking the sales force: Redefining selling to create and capture customer value, United States of America, McGraw-Hill Professional. Williams, R. M. , Schwepker, H. C. , Avila, A. R. , LaF orge, W. R. and Ingram, N. T. (2001), Sales Management: Analysis and Decision Making, 4th edition, United States of America, Harcourt college publishers.

Bill Become A Law Essays - Statutory Law, Law, Government, Bill

Bill Become A Law Essays - Statutory Law, Law, Government, Bill Bill Become A Law Rewrite #1 As a bill is on the highway to become law, there are two great obstacles that stand in the way of this process. The first hurdle being the power of many top committee chairs to delay voting and even pigeon hole bills. The second hurdle is for the president to sign the bill. These are the two main hurdles that stand in the way of a bill becoming a law. After a bill has reached a committee, the main obstacle that stands in the way is the committee chair. The chair has the power and authority to pigeon hole a bill or simply put it aside and delay the opportunities for debate on the bill. This allows for the opposition to not have to deal with the bill for a sustained amount of time. For instance since most bill die in committee, one of the focuses for a bill that is likely not to be passed is so the supporters can get publicity and can say they acted on or did something for the bill and its purpose(s). While in the committee, the chair is the figure with the most control and ability. If he/she opposes a bill, then the likelihood of its passing becomes less and less. This is a major obstacle because of its supreme role in the whole process, and as a result many of the bills introduced into committees, never make it out. The second major obstacle is the signing of the bill by the president. The president usually acts in the manner most favorable to his party, so it is that party that recieves the benefit of his holding office. However the president also acts in the manner most favorable to the nation, so he has the ability to control many bills. For instance many bills that that embody a clear, appealing idea (stop drugs, help old folks), usually make out quite well by the time it makes it to the presidency. But those bills that have been passed by a party that is opposite the president may often be vetoed. Thus causing a momentary stop in the entire process in becoming law. The presidency is an extremely unique and important step in the process, because he has the final say on the billuntil it may go back for the 2/3s override. These two obstacles are quite different, one is at the very forefront of the whole process while the other is at the possible endyet these two areas do share a common bond. That is they both are hurdles in the act of a bill becoming a law.

Facts about the ACT Test and Reasons to Take It

Facts about the ACT Test and Reasons to Take It What Is the ACT Test? The ACT test, started by the American College Testing Program (hence the acronym), is a standardized pencil-and-paper test used as a college entrance exam. Colleges and universities use your ACT score, along with your GPA, extracurricular activities, and high school involvement to determine if they’d like you to grace their campus as a freshman. You cannot take the test more than twelve times, although there are exceptions to this rule.   Why Take the ACT Test? Money, money, money. Broke as a joke? The ACT test can garner you some serious coin for the college of your choice if you can earn an impressive score. And by impressive, I do not mean a 21.Your scores follow you around. I’m not kidding. When you apply for your first entry-level job, your ACT score is going to be on your resume, because truthfully, your pizza delivery gig can’t showcase your reasoning ability like a 33 on the ACT can.It can help balance a low GPA. So maybe you hated World History, flunked it on purpose, and ruined that 4.0. That doesn’t mean you dont have the ability to do well in college. Scoring high on the ACT can show you off when your GPA doesn’t.  Its often preferred over the SAT: Since the ACT is a college entrance test like the SAT, it can be used in its place. Which should you take? What’s On the ACT Test? Never fear. You’ll not be required to rewrite the entire periodic table of elements, although Science is one of the subjects you’ll see. This test, although long, (3 hours and 45 minutes) basically measures reasoning and the stuff you learned in high school. Here’s the breakdown: ACT Test Sections How Does the ACT Test Scoring Work? You may have heard previous students from your school bragging about their 34s on the ACT. And if you did, then you should definitely be impressed with their test-taking skills because that is a high score! Your overall score and each individual multiple-choice test score (English, Mathematics, Reading, Science) range from 1 (low) to 36 (high). The overall score is the average of your four test scores, rounded to the nearest number. Fractions less than one-half are rounded down; fractions one-half or higher are rounded up. So, if you get a 23 in English, a 32 in Math, a 21 in Reading, and a 25 in Science, your overall score would be a 25. That’s pretty good, considering the national average is right around a 20. The Enhanced ACT Essay, which is optional, is scored separately and much differently.   How Can You Prepare For This ACT Test? Don’t panic. That was a lot of information to digest all at once. You can actually prepare for the ACT and get a brag-worthy score if you choose one of the options mentioned the following link (or all of them if you’re the go-getter type). 5 Ways to Prepare for the ACT Test

Cause and effect of media on children and youth Annotated Bibliography

Cause and effect of media on children and youth - Annotated Bibliography Example The short-term exposure to such media increases the likelihood of aggressive thoughts and behaviors. It has been found that the characteristics of viewers, media content, and social environment influence the level to which violent media causes aggression in youth. in the end, it has been suggested that public policy makers, parents, and entertainment communities should play an active role in decreasing the level of media-violence exposure to youth and children. The researchers of this study focused on the impact of media on sexual behaviors and perceptions of children and youth. Using systematic review of the social science and biomedical literature and consulting sexual content of mass media, the effects of exposure on the sexual behaviors and attitudes of adolescents were studied. The results of the study reveal that television is one of the main sources of sexual content for adolescents. Media-literacy programs and parental influence can be used as effective measures to control the exposure of sexual content to adolescents. In this study, the researcher has explored the effects of television violence on children and youth. The researcher has used one hundred and forty-six articles related to behavioral science journals to identify the effects of television violence. Four major issues covered by the research in this study include the question of catharsis, emotional effects, effects on learning, and effects on aggressive behavior. A considerable increase in the aggressive behaviors of children has been found to be the most significant and alarming effect of violent television on children. Media has both positive and negative health effects on children and youth. In this study, the researchers have explored the ways media can have positively and negatively influence the health of adolescents. Excessive use of cell

Engineering managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering managment - Essay Example It also facilitates growth of the company’s telecommunication and financial services. Moreover, data mining has improved in Luscombe’s period and customers’ buying habits are better examined to customize the organizational policies according to them. There has occurred a general improvement in the standards of the store. Weaknesses: In the 8 year reign in which Corbett served as the CEO of Woolworths and his policies resulted into the increase in the returns of shareholders by 300 per cent. On the contrary, the policies implemented by Luscombe since 2006 have increased the return of shareholders by no more than 40 per cent in the whole 5 years. Thus, the competition is between 8 years and 5 years of governance, and 300 per cent and 40 per cent of increase on the return. This clearly speaks of the fact that the strategies implemented by Corbett as a CEO were more conducive for the increase in shareholders’ return as compared to those of Luscombe. Although t he organization has overall remained in profitability in Luscombe’s period, yet much of this can be attributed to the long term effects of the rational policies of Corbett instead of the policies adopted by Luscombe. Opportunities: Woolworths has conventionally managed to attract a large volume of talented young candidates for employment. Woolworths provides its workforce with training over a vast range of disciplines in order to improve their competence and inculcate sound management skills in them. It is the very training that is one of the cardinal reasons of success of Luscombe in his management of the company. Luscombe has served in Woolworths for 28 years, in which he received training and polished his skills on various levels as a manager. On job training is one of the most attracting characteristics of an organizational culture for the employees because they avail it as an opportunity to enhance their skills and become an asset for the organization. Having received th e training, they feel their skills improved, which offers them a feeling of assurance that their job is secure. They know they are better positioned to fulfill the needs of a particular business and hence, have both job satisfaction and job security. Threats: Corbett had maintained a culture in which all employees made their best effort to enhance the company’s profits and reduce the costs. However, Luscombe does not approve of the fact that employees work for as many as 12 hrs and sometimes even more than that. He thinks that the staff is putting in unnecessary effort to make the business profitable. Luscombe needs to realize that it is the same work pattern that had increased the return on shareholders’ investment by 300 per cent and that had doubled the revenues to $ 36 billion. The rate of increase in the return of shareholders’ investment has already decreased more than 3 times what it was in Corbett’s period. The current strategy of Woolworths: Curr ently, Luscombe is the CEO of the company. Luscombe is a very open and easily approachable kind of CEO. He has maintained very open relations with the senior management as well as the staff of the company. His attitude with the company staff is quite friendly, and he encourages team work. During his reign, all of the personnel of the company have united as a strong team. The staff is making all efforts to comply with the instructions of Luscombe. Their compliance has recently caused the

Security Informatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security Informatics - Essay Example Sine examples of well known companies that have suffered huge losses due to cyber attackers corrupting or manipulating their data resources are Yahoo, AOL, E-bay, Citibank and Egghead.com. This effectively brings us to the first reason why firms share information regarding their security state. To strengthen one’s information security numerous organizations recognized a key factor being the gathering, analysis and sharing of information related to the actual, as well as all unsuccessful attempts at, computer security beaches. This very notion lead to the formation of the industry- based Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs) which aimed at enhancing protection of the cyber infrastructure of various firms. By this mutual collaboration, despite the fact that various companies reveal information that could be considered embarrassing regarding their security state, they benefit greatly in other ways. These being on receiving end of various security practices and solution s which would result in the production of much more secure products and an increase in the overall market demand for security enhancing software and hardware. True there are several benefits if the firm chooses not to disclose information about their security state in terms of financial costs incurred post disclosure, the negative publicity that might result in loss of market shares and an increase in the likelihood of leakages by increasing the number of holder’s of the information regarding sensitive security flaws. However the firms after a cost-benefit analysis chose to share security information due to two key advantages. The first is the private firm specific benefit which aims at preventing further security breaches and future fraud losses. By spending on identifying and repairing existing vulnerabilities the firm cuts costs in terms a prevention of future security threats. Furthermore the increased amount of sales due to an acquisition of a better security reputation and goodwill as a result of these measures more than covers up the initial financial cost invested. By reporting a security breach to central monitoring the firm effectively sends a strong message to the customer that portrays them as responsible, committed to developing rigorous security procedures designed to protect and take care of the customer and a company more reliable as well as secure. This positive image does wonders for the company in terms of profitability and market share. The industry benefits are the other reason for information sharing by companies. As there is an increase in the overall customers’ trust in transacting with a particular firm it directly affects the overall market size within the industry. This increase in the customer base simply by addressing their fears of privacy and information security related issues leads to more cross selling and upsellling by companies. B2C e-commerce is also positively impacted for the very same reason. Look at the wo nders Amazon’s efforts in terms of protecting the integrity of customers’ data and increasing confidence in online purchases has paved way for numerous online businesses to initiate operations and be acceptable to consumers. There are three dimensions of uncertainty that exist in vulnerabilities. Firstly there is representativeness, which is mainly applied in order to assess the probability that an object or an event A belongs another process B. Availability of

Information system development life cycle models Essay Example for Free

Information system development life cycle models Essay Health information managers must understand the components of information systems and how information systems affect the organization, individuals within the organization, and interested publics outside the organization. Information systems provide opportunities to improve internal operations, create competitive advantage in the marketplace, improve patient-care delivery, enhance research, and provide better service. Information system risk occurs when the systems are not well integrated, are poorly managed, or do not support the goals of the organization. In order to exploit information system opportunities and minimize threats and risks, a thorough understanding of information system components and how these relate to the organization is necessary. An information system is composed of a group of components (people, work processes, data, and information technologies) that interact through defined relationships to accomplish a goal. Information systems must be able to adapt to environmental change. A good example of a health-related information system is an order entry system. The goal of the system is to process physician orders. The system is composed of a group of components including people (nurses, physicians, unit secretaries, laboratory personnel), data, work processes, and information technologies. Each of these components interacts through defined relationships. fails to accommodate the environment or if the interactions among its component parts fail, the system becomes nonfunctional and disintegrates. Thus, a system must be composed of a group of components that: ï‚ · Interact through defined relationships ï‚ · Work toward accomplishing a goal ï‚ · Self-adapt and respond to environmental changes Figure 2-1 provides an example of the relationship of these characteristics. An information system is composed of a group of components (people, work processes, data, and information technologies) that interact through defined relationships to accomplish a goal. Information systems must be able to adapt to environmental change. A good example of a health-related information system is an order entry system. The goal of the system is to  process physician orders. The system is composed of a group of components including people (nurses, physicians, unit secretaries, laboratory personnel), data, work processes, and information technologies. Each of these components interacts through defined relationships The peoples enter orders in a predefined way through a data entry terminal (hardware) and through interaction with software. Through the predefined interactions between the hardware and software, the order is processed. The order entry system is self-adapting and able to accommodate environmental changes such as order volume. The example depicted in Figure 2-2 demonstrates the characteristics of a system as applied to an information system: component parts working in predefined relationships that can self-adapt to environmental changes to accomplish a common goal. As the bidirectional arrows depict in Figure 2-2, at any given time there is a potential three-way interaction between all system components. People interact or are affected by work practices, data, and information technologies. Work practices affect people and may be impacted by data availability and information technologies. Information technologies may affect work practices, people, and the input, processing, or dissemination of data. Thus, we see that information components are highly interrelated. Recognizing these interrelationships is very important, since a problem with one component will likely adversely impact all other components within an information system. When information system problems arise, it is crucial that all information system components and their relationships be examined System Elements Systems have three principal elements: inputs, processing mechanisms, and outputs. Figure 2-3 depicts their simple relationship. In the order entry example given previously, inputs include physician orders such as laboratory, radiology, or pharmacy orders that are entered in a computer terminal on the patient-care unit. The orders are subjected to several processing mechanisms that check their consistency and completeness before they are routed to the appropriate department. The output of the system is a requisition for a specific type of test, procedure, or pharmaceutical. In addition to inputs, processes, and outputs, most systems also have a  feedback loop. Feedback provided by the system influences future inputs. In the order entry example, feedback regarding nonavailability of an ordered drug in the pharmacy department inventory might be provided to the physician. In this case, the system might suggest what alternatives or substitutes are available Information System Components All definitions of an information system must embody the essence of the four system characteristics that were previously presented. Thus, an information system is a group of interrelated and self-adapting components working through defined relationships to collect, process, and disseminate data and information for accomplishment of specific organizational goals. The components of an information system should be broadly interpreted. For example, information system components should be viewed to include people, work procedures, data, and information technologies (Alter, 1992). Although organizational goals may not be specifically included in the components of an information system, they must be viewed as the driving force for the development, design, implementation, and evaluation of information systems. Each information system must be evaluated in terms of its contribution to meeting the goals of the organization Information System Types In Chapter 2, six types of information systems are discussed: transaction processing systems (TPS), management information systems (MIS), decision support systems (DSS), executive information systems (EIS), expert systems (ES), and office automation systems (OAS). Early systems in health care were principally transaction processing systems. These systems automated operational functions such as accounting, payroll, inventory, and admission/discharge systems. Later, other transaction systems, such as order entry, were added to the capabilities. Management information systems emerged in the late 1970s and gradually became more sophisticated during the 1980s. One factor influencing the growth of MIS during this period was the introduction of the national prospective payment (diagnostic-related groups or DRGs) system for Medicare patients. Because of DRG implementation, hospitals needed information systems that provided better filtered and formatted data for making managerial and strategic decisions. The  implementation of DRGs also revealed the weaknesses of current information systems in linking and integrating data. Weaknesses associated with the proliferation of stand-alone systems and the historical emphasis on financial systems became magnified during the 1980s coiera When the same kind of decision is made on a regular basis, it will require access to the same kind of data and may use the same knowledge. In these circumstances, one can develop a regular process or information system to accomplish the task. An information system could thus be anything from the routine way in which a clinician records patient details in a pocket notebook, the way a triage nurse assesses patients on arrival in an emergency department, through to a complex computer-based system that regulates payments for healthcare services. An information system is distinguished from other systems by its components, which include data and models. Recall from the last chapter that there are several different kinds of information model, including databases and knowledge bases. These different information components can be put together to create an information system. For example, consider a calculator that can store data and equations in its memory. The data store is the calculator’s database, and the equation store is its knowledge base. The input to the calculator becomes the equation to be solved, as well as the values of data to plug into the equation. The database communicates with the knowledge base using a simple communication channel within the device, and the output of the system is the value for the solved equation (Figure 3.6). There are many potential internal components that could be included within an information system, including a database, a knowledge base, an ontology, and decision procedures or rules of inference. The different components of an information system are connected together with input/output channels, which allow data to be shifted between the components as needed. A patient record system is a more complex example of an information system. Its purpose is to record data about particular patients in some formalized fashion to assist in the control Wager2009  An information system (IS) is an arrangement of information (data), processes, people, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support the organization (Whitten Bentley, 2005). Note that information technology is a component of every information system. Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) with data and telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice networks). Often in current management literature the terms information system and information technology are used interchangeably. 6.1.1 What Is a System?shortliffe Until now, we have referred informally to health information systems and computer systems. What do we mean when we refer to a system? In the most general sense, a system is an organized set of procedures for accomplishing a task. It is described in terms of (1) the problem to be solved; (2) the data and knowledge required to address the problem; and (3) the internal process for transforming the available input into the desired output (Figure 6.1). When we talk about systems in this book, we usually mean computer-based (or just computer) systems. A computer system combines both manual and automated processes; people and machines work in concert to manage and use information. A computer system has these components: ââ€"  Hardware: The physical equipment, including processing units (e.g., the central processing unit (CPU)), data-storage devices, comunication equipment, terminals, and printers ââ€"  Software: The computer programs that direct the hardware to carry out the automated processes—i.e., to respond to user requests and schedules, to process input data, to store some data for long periods, and to communicate informative results to the users; at times the software will prompt the users to perform manual processes System Design and Engineering in Health Care 235 ââ€"  Customers: The users who interact with the software and hardware of the system, issue requests, and use the results or forward them to others; there will be other users who are concerned with providing input, system operations, backup, and maintenance The role of a computer is, broadly speaking, the conversion of data into information. Every piece of data must be supplied by a person, by another computer system, or by data collection  equipment, as seen in patient monitoring (see Chapter 17). Information that is output is delivered to health care professionals or becomes input to another computer system. In other words, a medical computer system is a module within the overall health care delivery system. The overall health care system not only determines the need for the computer system (e.g., which data must be processed and which reports must be generated) but also the requirements for the system’s operation (e.g., the degree of reliability and responsiveness to requests for information). Acquisition and operation of a computer system has implications for the organization of an institution. Who controls the information? Who is responsible for the accuracy of the data? How will the system be financed? The installation of a computer system has sociological consequences as well. The introduction of a new system alters the work routines of health care workers. Furthermore, it may affect the traditional roles of health care workers and the existing relationships among groups of individuals—e.g., between physicians and nurses, between nurses and patients, and between physicians and patients. Important ethical and legal questions that arise include the confidentiality of patient information, the appropriate role of computers in patient care (especially in medical decision making), and the responsibility of developers and users for ensuring the correct operation of the system (see Chapter 10). Although the technical challenges in system development must be met, organizational factors are crucial determinants of the success of a computer system within the institution. These factors can differ greatly among institutions and can make the transfer of a well-functioning system to another site difficult. 6.1.2 Functions of a Computer System Computers have been used in every aspect of health care delivery, from the simple processing of business data, to the collection and interpretation of physiological data, to the education of physicians and nurses. Each chapter in Unit II of this book describes an important area for the application of computers in biomedicine. The unique characteristics of each problem area create special requirements for system builders to address. The motivation  for investing in these applications, however, is the computer’s ability to help health professionals in some aspect of information management. We identify eight topics that define the range of basic functions that may be provided by medical computer systems: 1. Data acquisition and presentation 2. Record keeping and access 3. Communication and integration of information 4. Surveillance 5. Information storage and retrieval 6. Data analysis 7. Decision support 8. Education .

The Chicano Movement: Struggles, Goals, and Accomplishments Essay examp

In American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-Americans (Herrera). At first, the movement had a weak start but eventually the movement gained momentum around the 1960’s (Herrera). Mexican-Americans, also known as Chicanos, began to organize in order to eliminate the social barriers that prevented them from progressing in American society (Bloom 47). Throughout the years of the Chicano Movement, Mexican-Americans had a â€Å"desire to integrate into the mainstream culture while preserving their own identity† (Bloom 47) . The Chicano Civil Rights Movement was a progressive era when Mexican-Americans had goals that they wanted to accomplish and sought reform in order to be accepted as a part of the United States. The Chicano Movement, like many other civil rights movements, gained motivation from the everyday struggles that the people had to endure in the United States due to society. Mexican-Americans, like many other ethnicities, were viewed as an inferior group compared to white Americans. Mexican-Americans sought to make a change with the Chicano Movement and â€Å"the energy generated by the movement focused national attention on the needs of Mexican-Americans† (Bloom 65). The Mexican-American Movement had four main issues that it aimed to resolve and they ranged from â€Å"restoration of la... ...tory: Postwar United States, 1946 to 1968, Revised Edition (Volume IX). New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2010. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 12 February 2012. Tejada-Flores, Rick. "Fight in the Fields - CESAR CHAVEZ | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 12 February 2012. Tenes, Angel. "SYLVIA MENDEZ GETS HIGHEST U.S. AWARD & HONOR."MENDEZ V. WESTMINSTER. 25 February 2011. Web. 10 March 2012. United States and Mexico. "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo." From Treaties and Other Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. Compiled by Charles I. Bevans. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968-76. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 10 March 2012. Woo-Sam, Anne. "Mexican Americans and the Chicano Movement." Encyclopedia of American Social Movements. Sharpe Online Reference. 2012. n. pag. Web. 12 February 2012.

Culture of peace among students Essay

It was in 1989, during the International Congress on Peace in the Minds of Men, in Yamoussoukro, Cà ´te d’Ivoire, that the notion of a â€Å"Culture of Peace† was first mentioned. Over the past ten years, the idea has come a long way. In 1994, Federico Mayor, Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), launched an international appeal on the establishment of a right to peace; in February 1994, UNESCO launched its Towards a Culture of Peace programme; in 1997, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the year 2000 as the â€Å"International Year for the Culture of Peace†; and in 1998, the same Assembly declared the period 2001-2010 the â€Å"International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World†. This is how the notion of a Culture of Peace conquered the world. What Does â€Å"Culture of Peace† Mean? Although the expression â€Å"Culture of Peace† took shape in 1989, such a culture already existed before the word was created. UNESCO’s creation is a testimonial to the existence of such a culture as early as 1945. Even though UNESCO has several mandates, it has but one mission, namely that of constructing peace. The purpose of the Organization is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world† (Article I of the Constitutive Act of UNESCO). The culture of peace is peace in action. Introducing such a culture is a long-term process requiring both a transformation of institutional practices and individual modes of behavior. Finally, in order to survive and become entrenched in our values, a culture of peace requires non-violence, tolerance and solidarity. The idea of consensus, or peace, is sometimes mistaken for an absence of conflict or for society’s homogenization process. However, in order to achieve mutual understanding, there must first be differences with regard to sex, race, language, religion, or culture. The quest for mutual understanding begins with the recognition of these differences and of a will to overcome them to reach a common objective. Achieving mutual understanding protects a society from self-destruction by letting it build foundations so as to design a new way to live together. Indeed, mutual understanding fosters certain values vital for peace, including non-violence, respect of others, tolerance, solidarity and openness to others. Mutual understanding does not mean homogenization of society. On the contrary, a culture of peace is enhanced by the variety of traditions. The fact that a common vision emerges from a multi-cultural society proves that living together is possible and that this society lives according to the pulse of a culture of peace. A culture of peace is thus a comprehensive union of existing movements, hence UNESCO’s desire to create a worldwide movement for a culture of peace and non-violence. The International Year for the Culture of Peace will be one of the key moments for the creation of such a movement. This global movement should help change the culture of war into a culture of peace by uniting all groups, agencies, associations, governments and, especially, individuals within a comprehensive network that works towards the emergence of a culture of peace. Body Peace in our communities and in the world requires a connection to respect for our multiple differences, and for the right of all people to justice, freedom, and dignity. This leads to trust, community, and co-existence. We understand we are all in this together, that all people have the same basic needs and desires, and so we act for the common good rather than for the benefit of a few. Peace is more than the absence of war, violence, or conflict, but we connect to the power of love that transcends fear, anger, sorrow, and aggression, and leads us to compassion and a desire to end the suffering of all. Education is the principle means of promoting a culture of peace. This includes not only formal education in schools, but also informal and non-formal education in the full range of social institutions, including the family and the media. The very concept of power needs to be transformed – from the logic of force and fear to the force of reason and love. Education should be expanded so that basic literacy is joined by the ‘second literacy’ of ‘learning to live together’. A global effort of education and training, supported by the United Nations, should empower people at all levels with the peace-making skills of dialogue, mediation, conflict transformation, consensus-building, cooperation and non-violent social change. This campaign should be based upon universal principles of human rights, democratic principles and social justice, and at the same time, build upon the unique peace-making traditions and experiences of each society. Content of theory-based peace education Could include: the role of values systems in religious and secular world views, the history and present day struggles for justice and equality in race and gender, the ethics of science and technology, understanding of the causes of violence and war and other local, national and international disputes, the theory of conflict resolution, visions of the future, political and social change, the economics of war and oppression, human rights and citizenship, violence, war and peacemaking in the media, nonviolence in literature and the arts. Content of practical expressions of peace-making for use in peace education Models of peace-making, peace history – local, national and international, the role of the United Nations and Non-governmental Organizations, how community groups affect peaceful change, vocations for social change, the role of personal and community health and nutrition in a healthy society, understanding other cultures through language, custom and stories, parenting and child care, bullying and anti-bullying methods, peer mediation and conflict resolution skills for children in the classroom. A useful description for positive peace has been adopted by the U.N. General Assembly. Recognizing the long term nature of the work, the U.N. General Assembly (Resolution 52/15) declared the year 2000 as the International Year for the Culture of Peace. Broadly, cultures of peace include seven core elements that vary in form across cultures, yet are universals of positive peace. These elements may be envisioned as spokes of a wheel, a weakness in any one of which may produce systemic weakness or collapse. The elements are: †¢Social justice: institutionalized equity in distribution and access to material, social, and political resources; truth-telling, reparations, and penalties for infractions; full participation and power sharing by different groups; gender justice and full participation by women; †¢Human rights: rule of law and adherence to human rights standards; †¢Nonviolence: institutionalized arrangements for nonviolent conflict resolution and reconciliation; values and attitudes of civility; norms and processes that promote human security, cooperation, interdependence, and harmonious relationships at all levels;4 †¢Inclusiveness: respect for difference; participation by different groups; meeting identity needs; cultural sensitivity; †¢Civil society: strength and diversity of civic groups in sectors such as health, business, religion, and education; community action, support, and hope through these venues; full citizen participation in government; †¢Peace education: formal and informal, experiential education for peace at all levels; socialization of values, attitudes, and behaviors conducive to peace and social justice. †¢Sustainability: preservation of global resources; meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations. Psychologists may contribute to the construction of cultures of peace through work at many levels. Therapists who help to reduce family violence and to build equitable, nonviolent relationships in families contribute to cultures of peace. Educators who teach skills of nonviolent conflict resolution or work for social justice at the community level also contribute to the construction of cultures of peace. Concluding insights Peace is very important in our lives; it is basic requirement for our existence. In today’s world peace is also important because if we look around us, we see a number of nations who are at war with each other. We need a better world for our next generations. We can enjoy the benefits of the latest technological and scientific advancements only in times of peace. I realized that Peace is an ideal. It is both intangible and concrete depend upon the person’s situation; complex and simple by the way a person looks at it ; exciting and calming by how a person feels about it. Peace is personal and political depend who that person is; it is spiritual and practical how a person understands it; local and global how deep a person recognized it. It is truly a process and an outcome, and, above all, a way of being.